اثر افزودن پودر خشک سیر (Allium sativum) و شوید (Anethum graveolens) به جیره بر عملکرد رشد، ویژگی‌های لاشه، جمعیت میکروبی روده و فراسنجه‌های خون جوجه‌های گوشتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی،، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد تغذیه دام و طیور، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران

3 استادیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس،دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران

چکیده

هدف: این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر افزودن پودر سیر و شوید به جیره‌ بر عملکرد، ویژگی‌های لاشه، فراسنجه‌های خون، جمعیت میکروبی روده و بازده اقتصادی تولید جوجه‌های گوشتی انجام شد.
روش پژوهش: تعداد 176 قطعه جوجه گوشتی کاب (نر و ماده) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در چهار تیمار با چهار تکرار تقسیم و به مدت 42 روز پرورش یافتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی از روز یکم تا 42 روزگی به جوجه‌ها ارائه گردید. تیمارها شامل 1(جیره پایه، 2) جیره پایه+ 5/0 درصد پودر سیر، 3) جیره پایه+ 3 درصد پودر شوید و 4 جیره پایه+ 5/0 درصد پودر سیر+3 درصد پودر شوید بود. میزان خوراک مصرفی و وزن بدن پرندگان به طور هفتگی اندازه‌گیری شد. در پایان دوره، از هر تیمار هشت پرنده کشتار شدند تا برای تجزیه لاشه، تهیه نمونه بافت ایلئوم و خون‌گیری استفاده شود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر افزایش وزن و ضریب تبدیل غذایی جوجه‌ها در کل دوره پرورش معنی‎دار بود و جوجه‌هایی که با پودر سیر تغذیه شدند افزایش وزن زنده بیشتر و ضریب تبدیل غذایی کمتری نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشتند. خوراک مصرفی جوجه‌ها تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی نبود. اثر تیمارهای آزمایشی بر بازده لاشه، وزن سینه و ران جوجه‌ها معنی‌دار نبود، ولی جوجه‌هایی که پودر سیر مصرف کردند به طور معنی‌دار چربی حفره شکمی کمتری داشتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی بر غلظت تری‌گلیسریدها و کلسترول خون جوجه‌ها تاثیر معنی‌دار داشت، به طوری که سطح آن‌ها در خون جوجه‌هایی که پودر سیر و پودر شوید و مخلوط آن‌ها را مصرف کردند از گروه شاهد کمتر بود. جمعیت میکروبی دیواره ایلئوم جوجه‌ها به طور معنی‌دار تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت. استفاده از پودر سیر و شوید به تنهایی و ترکیب آن‌ها باهم باعث کاهش معنی‌دار جمعیت کل باکتری‌ها و افزایش جمعیت لاکتوباسیل‌ها نسبت به گروه شاهد شد. افزودن پودر سیر به تنهایی جیره باعث افزایش معنی‌دار شاخص تولید و بازده ناخالص اقتصادی در کل دوره پرورش جوجه‌ها شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که افزودن 5/0 درصد پودر سیر در جیره باعث بهبود رشد، کاهش چربی شکمی، بهبود فلور میکروبی روده و افزایش بازده اقتصادی تولید جوجه‌های گوشتی می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Adding Dried Garlic (Allium sativum) and Dill (Anethum graveolens) Powders to Diet on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Intestinal Microbial Population and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farid Moslemipur 1
  • Saeed Khorramaki 2
  • Shahriar Maghsoudlou 3
  • Fariba Farivar 3
1 Associate Professor of Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources,Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
2 MSc in Animal nutrition, Gonbad Kavous University,Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
3 Assistant professor, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Gonbad Kavous University,Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Growing concerns arose about feed additive residues in broiler carcasses, especially antibiotics. On the other hand, producing carcasses with lower fat content is considered beneficial for the consumers. Nowadays, medicinal plants are the first-choice candidates as growth promoters, with antimicrobial and hypolipidemic properties, to be added to broiler feed. Garlic has a prestigious place in traditional medicine, with new insights into its beneficial effects in animal production. Dill is also famed for its anti-lipid properties. Iran is home to various medicinal plants that are produced at low cost, providing a good opportunity to use them in broiler chicken production. Therefore, the goal of the study was to investigate the effects of adding dried garlic and dill powders to the diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemicals, intestinal microbial populations, and economic production efficiency in broiler chickens.
Method
A total of 176 one-day-old Cobb-500 chickens (male and female) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups, with 4 replicates per group, and reared for 42 days. Treatments were 1) basic diet; a corn-soybean based meal, 2) basic diet+ 0.5% garlic powder, 3) basic diet+ 3% dill powder, and 4) basic diet+ 0.5% garlic powder+ 3% dill powder that were arranged as a completely randomized design and fed to chicken from the first day to the end of the trial (day 42). Fresh, clean garlic cloves and green dill (including leaves and stems) were first thoroughly washed, air-dried, and then finely milled. The diets were formulated according to NRC recommendations for three periods: d 1-10 (starter diet), d 11-23 (grower diet), and d 24-42 (finisher diet). The vaccination schedule and lighting regimen were carried out according to Cobb500 recommendations. All birds were maintained in the same ambient conditions throughout the experiment. Feed intake and live weight of the chicken were measured weekly. The feed conversion ratio was calculated weekly. At day 42, 32 chickens (two birds per replicate) were slaughtered for carcass analysis and to collect blood and ileal samples. Breast, thighs, and abdominal fat pad weights were expressed as a percentage of the carcass weight. Blood metabolites, including total protein, cholesterol, and triglycerides, were assayed via spectrophotometry. For the microbiology trial, a 2cm sample from the middle of the chicken ileum was incised and homogenized for incubation to determine total microbes and lactobacilli counts of the ileal wall using MRS agar and nutrients agar, respectively. Production index and gross economic efficiency were calculated over the entire experimental period. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design in SAS version 9.1 (2003), and mean comparisons were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test.
Results
Results showed that the effect of the experimental treatments on liveweight gain and feed conversion ratio of chickens over the study period was significant, with chickens fed garlic powder alone in the diet having greater liveweight gain and a lower feed conversion ratio than other groups (p<0.05). Feed intake in chickens was not affected by the treatments, but it was significantly lower in birds fed diets containing dill powder than in other groups. The effect of treatments on carcass, breast, and thigh weights of chickens was not affected by the treatments, but the birds fed garlic powder alone in the diets showed a decrease in abdominal fat pad weight compared to other birds (p<0.05). Adding garlic and dill powders to the diet decreased blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels in chickens; chickens fed garlic and dill powders alone or in combination had lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels than those in the control group (p<0.05). No significant differences in blood total protein concentrations were found among groups. Ileal microbial populations of chickens were significantly affected by the experimental treatments, in which the utilization of garlic and dill powders alone or combined in the diets resulted in a marked decrease in total ileal wall microbial population and an obvious increase in ileal wall lactobacilli population (p<0.05). Adding garlic powder alone to the diets significantly increased economic indices of chicken production, including the production index and gross economic efficiency (p<0.05). It can be discussed that the improved feed conversion ratio in birds fed garlic powder is mainly due to the enhanced weight gain compared to other groups. As there is a relationship between blood lipid levels and carcass fat depots, garlic powder lowered the abdominal fat pad of chickens with an obvious decrease in their blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels. In addition, an increased intestinal lactobacilli population is the most beneficial bacteria in the gut, and a lowered total bacteria count from using garlic powder in the diet may indirectly indicate that the harmful bacteria population, such as E. coli, was concurrently restricted, which warrants further study. No synergistic effects were observed by adding garlic powder and dill powder to the chickens’ diet, except for a decremental effect on the blood cholesterol level. In contrast to the previous studied mentioning that garlic and dill derivatives can enhance appetite and feed intake in broilers, in the present study not only feed intake was not increased by the inclusion of garlic and dill in the diets but also feed intake tended to be decreased by using garlic and dill in the diets that may be referred to elevated diet fiber content and/or the route of garlic and dill inclusion.
Conclusions
There were no advantages to adding dill powder to the broiler diet, but, considering the economic efficiency of production, using 0.5% dried garlic powder in the broiler diet is recommended due to improved growth performance parameters, lower carcass fat content, and a beneficially modified intestinal microbial population. Furthermore, no deleterious effects were observed in chickens when garlic powder was added to the diet.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Blood lipids
  • Broiler chicken
  • Dill
  • Garlic
  • Intestinal bacteria

مراجع

آموزمهر، ا. و دستار، ب. (1388). تاثیر عصاره الکلی دو گیاه سیر و آویشن بر عملکرد و غلظت لیپیدهای خون جوجه‌های گوشتی. مجله علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، 69 (1)، 68- 62. 
تیموری‌زاده، ز.؛ رحیمی، ش.؛ کریمی ترشیزی، م. و امید بیگی، ر. (1389). مقایسه اثر عصاره‌های آویشن باغی (Thymus vulgaris L)، سرخارگل (Echinacea purprea L)، سیر (Allium sativum L) و آنتی‌بیوتیک ویرجینامایسین بر عملکرد رشد و خصوصیات لاشه جوجه‌های گوشتی. فصل‌نامه گیاهان دارویی، 26، 264-252. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6955
دانشمند، ع.؛ صادقی، ق.؛ کریمی، ا.؛ وزیری، ا.؛ عزیزی، ط. و پدیدار جهرمی، ش. (1389). اثر سیر با و بدون پروبیوتیک بر پارامترهای عملکردی، کلسترول و لیپوپروتئین‌های سرم در جوجه‌های گوشتی. چهارمین کنگره علوم دامی ایران، 814-811.
شاعری، م.؛ محیط، ا.؛ انصاری پیرسرائی، ز. و تقی‌زاده، م. (1391). اثر اسانس شوید بر برخی از فراسنجه‌های خونی، غلظت کلسترول زرده تخم مرغ، قدرت جوجه درآوری و کیفیت جوجه در مرغ‌های مادر گوشتی. پژوهش‌های تولیدات دامی، 6، 24-15.
شهرامی، ا.؛ جباری‌راد، م.؛ حسینی، س.ع. و افتخاری، م. (1399). تأثیر سطوح مختلف پودر شوید در مقایسه با آنتی‌بیوتیک فلاوومایسین بر عملکرد، پاسخ ایمنی و فلور میکروبی روده در جوجه‌های گوشتی. تولیدات دامی، 22 (4)، 618-609.https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2020.302915.623531
شیرزاد، ه.؛ تاجی، ف. و رفیعیان، م. (۱۳۹۰). تأثیر حرارت بر مواد مؤثره سیر. ارمغان دانش، ۱۶ (۱)، ۹-۲۰.
فتحی، م. و حیدری، م. (1395). اثرات سطوح مختلف عصاره آبی شوید بر برخی فراسنجه‌های خونی و آسیتی و عملکرد رشد جوجه‌های گوشتی. تولیدات دامی، 18 (4)، 830-821. https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2016.58789
متقی طلب، م. و گلچین، م. (1392). اثرات اسید آمینه متیونین و پودر سیر روی اجزای مختلف لاشه جوجه‌های گوشتی. تحقیقات تولیدات دامی، 2 (1)، 44-37.
مسلمی‌پور، ف.؛ آفتابی، ط.؛ مقصودلو، ش. و غلامعلی پورعلمداری، ا. (1401). تاثیر عصاره آشامیدنی اکالیپتوس و افزودن پودر فلفل سیاه به جیره بر عملکرد، فراسنجه‌های خون و جمعیت میکروبی روده و نای جوجه‌های گوشتی. تولیدات دامی، 24 (2)، 211-201.https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2022.334009.623657
منصوری، آ.؛ ایرانی، م.؛ اسلامی، ب. و قادری جویباری، م. (1389). بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف سیر خام و پودر سیر بر فاکتورهای خونی جوجه‌های گوشتی. چهارمین کنگره علوم دامی ایران، 781- 778.
هاشمی عطار، م.؛ آرشامی، ج.؛ اسماعیل زاده، ح. و مجیدزاده هروی، ر. (1389). تأثیر سطوح مختلف سیر بر عملکرد و پاسخ ایمنی همورال در جوجه‌های گوشتی. پژوهش‌های علوم دامی ایران، 2 (1)، 51- 43.https://doi.org/10.22067/ijasr.v2i1.3104
Amiri, N., Afsharmanesh, M., Salarmoini, M., Meimandipour, A., Hosseini, S.A., & Ebrahimnejad, H. (2021). Nanoencapsulation (in vitro and in vivo) as an efficient technology to boost the potential of garlic essential oil as alternatives for antibiotics in broiler nutrition. Animal, 15 (1), 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100022
Amooz Mehr, A., & Dastar, B. (2009). Effects of alcoholic extract of two herbs (garlic and thymus) on the performance and blood lipids of broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, 16 (1), 1-10. [In Persian].
Baghalian, K., Ziai, S.A., Naghavi, M.R., Naghdi Badi, H., & Khalighi, A. (2005). Evaluation of allicin content and botanical traits in Iranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes. Scientia Horticulturae, 103 (2), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.07.001
Bahadori, M., Irani, M., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z., & Rezaei Koochaksaraie, R. (2013). The effect of dill powder in diet on some blood metabolites, carcass characteristics and broiler performance. Global Veterinaria, 10 (5), 500-504.https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2013.10.5.71241
Bhatwalkar, S.B., Mondal, R., Naidu Krishna, S.B., Adam, J.K., Govender, P., & Anupam, R. (2021). Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum). Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 613077.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.613077
Choi, I.H., Park, W.Y., & Kim, Y.J. (2010). Effects of dietary garlic powder and α-tocopherol supplementation on performance, serum cholesterol levels, and meat quality of chicken. Poultry Science, 89, 1724–1731. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00052
Chowdhury, S.R., Chowdhury, S.D., & Smith, T.K. (2002). Effects of garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Poultry Science, 8, 1856-1862.https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.12.18 56
Daneshmand, A., Sadeghi, Gh., Karimi, A., Vaziri, A., Azizi, T., & Padidar Jahromi, Sh. (2010). Effect of garlic with or without probiotic on performance parameters, serum cholesterol and lipoproteins of broiler chickens. 4th National Congress on Animal Science, Karaj, Iran [in Persian]
Dev, K., Begum, J., Biswas, A., Akbar Mir, N.A., Singh, J., Prakash, R., Sonowal, J., Bharali, K., Tomar, S., Kant, R., & Ahlawat, N. (2021). Hepatic transcriptome analysis reveals altered lipid metabolism and consequent health indices in chicken supplemented with dietary Bifidobacterium bifidum and mannan-oligosaccharides. Scientific Reports, 11, 17895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97467-1
Elagib, H.A.A., El-Amin W.I.A., Elamin K.M., & Malik H.E.E. (2013). Effect of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation as feed additive on broiler performance and blood profile. Journal of Animal Science Advances, 3(2), 58-64.https://doi.org/10.5455/jasa.20130219104029
Elmowalid, G.A., Abd El-Hamid, M., El-Wahab, A.M., Atta, M., Abd El-Naser, G., Attia, A.M. (2019). Garlic and ginger extracts modulated broiler chicks innate immune responses and enhanced multidrug resistant Escherichia coli O78 clearance. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 66, 101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101334
Fathi, M., & Heidari, M. (2017). Effects of different levels of dill water extract on some blood and ascites parameters and growth performance of broiler chickens. Animal Production, 18 (4), 821-830 [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2016.58789
Fouad, A.M., & El-Senousey, H.K. (2014). Nutritional factors affecting abdominal fat deposition in poultry: A review. AsianAustralian Journal of Animal Science, 27 (7), 1057-1068. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13702
Gong, J., Forster, R.J., Yu, H., Chambers, J.R., Sabour, P.M., Wheatcroft, R., & Chen, S. (2002). Diversity and phylogenetic analysis of bacteria in the mucosa of chicken ceca and comparison with bacteria in the cecal lumen. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 208, 1-7.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11 051.x
Hashemi Attar, M., Arshami, J., Esmailzadeh, H., & Majidzadeh Heravi, R. (2010). Effects of garlic on humoral immune system in broiler chicks. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 2 (1), 43-51. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/ijasr.v2i1.3104
Hassankhan, S., Sardar, R., & Ashraf Anjum, M. (2007). Effect of dietary garlic on performance and egg yolk cholesterol concentration in laying hens. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 1, 22- 27. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2007.22.27
Horton G.M.J., Fennel M.J., & Parsad B.M. (1991). Effect of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) on performance, carcass composition and blood chemistry changes in broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 71, 939-942.https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-113
Issa, K.J., & Abo Omar, J.M. (2012). Effect of garlic powder on performance and lipid profile of broilers. Open Journal of Animal Science, 2(2), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2012.22010
Jangali, A., Hedayati, M., Khalaji, S., & Manafi, M. (2021). Oxidative stress and effects of dill (Anethum graveolens dhi) powder on the performance and health status of broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 51 (6), 700-714.http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i6.3
Javandel, F., Navidshad, B., Seifdavati, J., Pourrahimi, Gh., & Baniyaghoub, S. (2008). The favorite dosage of garlic meal as a feed additive in broiler chickens ratios. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 11, 1746-1749.https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1746.1749
Konjufca, V.H., Pesti, G.M., & Bakalli, R.I. (1997). Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poultry Science, 76, 1264–1271. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.9.1264
Mansuri, A., Irani, M., Eslami, B., & Ghaderi Juybari, M. (2010). Study of the effect of different levels of raw garlic powder on blood metabolites of broiler chickens. 4th National Congress on Animal Science, Karaj, Iran [In Persian].
Mathew, B.C., Prasad, N.V., & Prabodh, R. (2003). Cholesterol-lowering effect of organosulphur compounds from garlic: a possible mechanism of action. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 2, 100-102. PMID: 15821374
Moslemipur, F., Aftabi, T., Maghsoudlou, Sh., & Gholamalipour Alamdari, E. (2022). Effect of eucalyptus oral extract and adding black pepper powder in diet on performance, blood metabolites and microbial population of intestine and syrinx of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Production, 24 (2), 191-201. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2022.334009.623657
Mottaghitalab, M., & Golchin, M. (2013). Effects of methionine and garlic powder supplementation on broiler carcass cuts. Animal Production Research, 2 (1), 37-44. [In Persian].
National Research Council (NRC). (1994). Nutrient requirement of poultry. 9th Rev. Ed. Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition. Committee on Animal Nutrition. Board on Agriculture. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.USA.https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/2114
Navidshad, B., Darabighane, B., & Malecky, M. (2018). Garlic: An alternative to antibiotics in poultry production, A review. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(1), 9-17. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/ijas/Article/1023188
Navidshad, B., Maghsoodi, Z., Nikbin, S., Vahedi, V., Adibmoradi, M., Mirzaei Aghjehgheshlagh, F., & Moradi, H.R. (2018). The compensation effect of dietary garlic on chicken consuming a minimal level of choline. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17 (1), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2017.1338537
Onyimonyi, A.E. Chukwuma, P.C., & Chineny, I.J. (2011). Growth and hypocholesterolemic properties of dry garlic powder (Allium sativum) on broilers. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 2666-2671. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2877
Puvača, N., Ljubojević, D., Kostadinović, L.J., Lukač, D., Lević, J., Popović, S., & Đuragić, O. (2015). Spices and herbs in broilers nutrition: Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on broiler chicken production. World's Poultry Science Journal, 71 (3), 533-538.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933915002214
Raeesi, M., Hoseini-Aliabad, S. A., Roofchaee, A., Zare Shahneh, A., & Pirali, S. (2010). Effect of periodically use of garlic (Allium sativum) powder on performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(8), 1388-1394.
Reyan Mohasesi, A., Darmani Koohi, H., Naseri Harsini, R., Kioumarsi, H., & Dehghanzadeh, H. (2020). Effect of using dill (Anethum graveolens) whole plant powder on performance of some blood parameters, and skeletal system of broilers. Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 5(8), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.29252/.5.8.61
Rusli, R.K., Sadarman, S., Hidayat, C., Sholikin, M.M., Hilmi, M., Yuniza, A., Mutia, R., Jayanegara, A., & Irawan, A. (2022). A meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of garlic supplementation on performance and blood lipids profile of broiler chickens. Science, 263, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105022
Sco, T.C, Spallholz, J.E, Yun, H.K., & Kim. S.W. (2008). Selenium enriched garlic and cabbage as a dietary selenium source for broilers. Journal of Medicinal Food, 11, 687-692.
Sefidkon, F. (2001). Essential oil composition of Anethum graveolens L. of Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 8 (1), 45-62.
Shaeri, M., Mohit, A., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z., & Taghizadeh, M. (2012). The effect of Anethum graveolens essential oil on some blood parameters, egg yolk cholesterol concentration, hatchability and chick quality in broiler breeder hens. Research on Animal Production, 3 (6), 15-24. [In Persian].
Shahrami, E., Jabbari Rad, M., Hosseini, S.A., & Eftekhari, M. (2021). Effects of different dietary levels of dill powder versus growth promoters flavomycin on performance, humoral immune system response and cecal microbial population of broiler chickens. Animal Production, 22 (4), 609-618. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2020.302915.623531  
Shahriari, S., Tabatabaei, F., Jafari, R.A., & Ghorbanzade, B. (2009). Modulation of serum and liver triglyceride and abdominal fat pad weight by dietary garlic in male broilers. International Journal of Veterinary Research, 3, 101-105.https://doi.org/10.22059/IJVM.2009.20634
Shang, A., Cao, S.Y., Xu, X.Y., Gan, R.Y., Tang, G.Y., Corke, H., Mavumengwana, V., & Li, H.B. (2019). Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods 8, 246. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070246
Shirzad, H., Taji, F., & Rafieian, M. (2011). The effect of heating on useful components of garlic. Armaghane Danesh, 16 (1), 9-20. [In Persian].
Teymurizadeh, Z., Rahimi, Sh., Karimi Torshizi, M.A., & Omidbaigi, R. (2010). Comparison between the effect of Thymus vulgaris L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., Allium sativum L. extracts and virginiamycin antibiotic on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Broilers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 26 (2), 252-264. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22092 /ijmapr.2010.6955
Toghyani, M., Toghyani, M., Gheisari, A.A., Ghalamkari, G.R., & Eghbalsaied, Sh. (2011). Evaluation of cinnamon and garlic as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on performance, immune responses, serum biochemical and haematological parameters in broiler chicks. Livestock Science, 138, 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.018
Yazdanparast, R., & Alavi, M. (2001). Anti-hyperlipidemic and antihypercholesterolemic effects of Anethum graveolens leaves after removal of furocoumarins. Cytobios, 105, 189-191.
Yoshida, S., Kasuga, N. Hayashi T., Ushiroguchi Matsuura, H., & Nakagawa. S. (1987). Antifungal activity of ajoene derived from garlic. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 615-617. https://doi.org/10. 1128/aem.53.3.615-617. 1987
Zheng, G.Q., Kenney, P.M., & Lam, L.K. (1992). Anethofuran, carvone, and limonene: potential cancer chemopreventive agents from dill weed oil and caraway oil. Planta Medica, 58, 338-341. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-96
 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار